免疫记录主要用于记录和追踪疫苗接种状况,确保妥善的健康管理并预防传染病。它们对于学校入学、出行要求以及未来潜在的医疗保健需求也至关重要。
在小学注册期间,您将需要您孩子的免疫接种记录。
马来西亚国家免疫计划(NIP)
马来西亚国家免疫接种计划 (NIP) 于 20 世纪 50 年代初推出。NIP 扩大了对 13 种主要儿童疾病的保护范围。
- 白喉:一种由感染者口腔和咽喉中的细菌引起的传染病。
- 乙型流感嗜血杆菌 (Hib):一种主要影响 5 岁以下儿童的严重感染。
- 乙型肝炎:由乙型肝炎病毒引起的肝脏感染。
- 人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV):最常见的性传播感染 (STI),可导致宫颈癌,而宫颈癌是女性第三大常见癌症。
- 日本脑炎 (JE):由日本脑炎病毒引起的脑部感染。
- 麻疹:一种传染性极强的病毒性疾病。
- 腮腺炎:一种病毒感染,是脑部炎症(脑炎)的最常见病因。
- 百日咳:传染性极强,伴有剧烈持续性咳嗽,可能导致儿童呼吸困难和脸色发青(紫绀)。
- 脊髓灰质炎(脊髓灰质炎):一种侵袭神经系统的传染性、无法治愈的病毒性疾病。
- 风疹:也称为德国麻疹,可能导致胎儿畸形。
- 破伤风:也称为牙关紧闭症,由侵袭人体神经系统的细菌毒素引起。
- 结核病(TB):一种通常感染肺部的疾病,但也可能侵袭肾脏、脊柱、皮肤、肠道和大脑等其他部位。
- 肺炎球菌:由肺炎链球菌引起的细菌感染,可影响肺部和身体其他部位。
儿童接种的另外7种疫苗
马来西亚国家免疫计划 (NIP) 未涵盖其他常见儿童疾病的疫苗。这些疫苗可在马来西亚各地的私立医院和诊所付费购买。为了获得最大程度的保护,建议您也为孩子接种这些推荐的疫苗。
目前还有 7 种其他疫苗可以预防对儿童可能致命的疾病。
- 水痘(水痘):一种高传染性疾病,会导致发烧和皮肤起水疱。
- 冠状病毒病 (COVID-19):由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 引起的高传染性病毒感染。其症状可能类似于普通感冒。在极少数情况下,儿童 (MIS-C) 和成人 (MIS-A) 可能会出现严重的并发症,例如多系统炎症综合征 (MIS),导致全身器官和全身炎症。
- 登革热:通过伊蚊叮咬传播的传染病。被蚊子叮咬后,4至10天内可能会出现发烧、皮疹、肌肉和关节疼痛。在某些情况下,它会导致严重的登革热,症状包括出血热,甚至危及生命。
- 甲型肝炎:由甲型肝炎病毒引起的肝脏感染。
- 流感:鼻腔、咽喉和肺部的病毒感染。
- 脑膜炎球菌病:脑膜和脊髓内膜的细菌感染,可导致永久性残疾。
- 轮状病毒:导致婴儿呕吐和严重腹泻。
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
If your child misses a dose, inform your doctor immediately. He or she will advise you on what to do next. Generally, your doctor will continue with the subsequent vaccine doses.
When planning vaccinations, mark down all immunisation dates as soon as possible. It can be easy to forget immunisation dates when you have to deal with work, household chores and so on. Try marking the appointments on your calendar, smartphone or computer.
If your child has an on-going fever, it is likely that his or her immune system is not in the best condition. In this case, your doctor might advise you to postpone the vaccination until your child recovers. If your child has a cold, but no fever, it is still possible for your child to be vaccinated.
After being vaccinated, a small proportion of children experience some changes, in other words side effects. Don’t worry, these side effects are usually mild and expected. These vaccine reactions mean that the body is building its immunity in response to the vaccines.
Redness, swelling or tenderness at the injection site: This will slowly go away on its own, after a few days. However, if needed, you can use a cool, wet towel to soothe the redness and swelling.
Fever: If your baby gets a fever, you can cool him or her down by tepid sponging. Make sure you baby has lots of fluid to drink. If your child develops a fever or becomes irritable, you can treat them with pain-relieving medication such as paracetamol. However, these should never be given before immunisation or if the child has no fever.
REFERENCE:
- https://immunise4life.my/the-malaysian-national-immunisation-programme-nip/
- https://immunise4life.my/7-additional-vaccines-for-children/